The number of substandard road bridges managed by councils across Great Britain has risen for the second year running.

At the same time council engineering experts are warning about a shortage of staff to carry out inspections to ensure the bridge stock remains safe and fit for use.

Local authorities in England, Scotland and Wales identified 3,211 bridges – defined by highway engineers as structures over 1.5m in span – as being substandard at the end of 2021.

The term ‘bridge’ in highway engineering encompasses major structures spanning estuaries through to stretches of road at least 1.5 metres in length such as might span a culvert carrying water under the carriageway, said the RAC Foundation.

This is up 3.4% on the 3,105 figure twelve months previously, and up 5% on the 3,055 figure a year before that.

However, it is below the 3,194 total for 2018 and the 3,441 figure for 2017.

A substandard bridge means one unable to carry the heaviest vehicles now seen on our roads, including lorries of up to 44 tonnes. Many of the substandard bridges are subject to weight restrictions. Others will be under programmes of increased monitoring or even managed decline.

The analysis was carried out by the RAC Foundation which submitted FOI requests to 206 local highways authorities in November 2021.

The analysis is based on data provided by 196 councils (four fewer than the previous year) out of the 206 asked.

Between them the 196 councils are responsible for maintaining 70,944 bridges meaning 4.5% of the inventory disclosed is substandard.

Councils also reported that, at the time they responded at the end of 2021, 17 bridges including relatively short structures with a span of at least 1.5 metres had fully collapsed in the previous twelve months.

The 37 partial collapses were in: Denbighshire (17); Conwy (2); Perth and Kinross (2); Stirling (2); and Dorset, Aberdeenshire, Bolton, Buckinghamshire, East Dunbartonshire, East Riding of Yorkshire, Fife, Gwynedd, Merton, Newport, Peterborough, Shropshire, Staffordshire and Wrexham (1 each).

Between them, councils say they would ideally want to bring 2,374 (74%) of the 3,105 substandard bridges back up to full carrying capacity.

However, budget limitations mean they anticipate that only 379 of these will have the necessary work carried out on them within the next five years.

The estimated cost to bring all the substandard bridges back up to perfect condition is £1.16 billion (up slightly on the £992 million figure of a year earlier).

The study reveals that the one-time cost to clear the full maintenance backlog on all 70,944 bridges would be £5.44 billion.

The survey of local highways authorities was carried out by the RAC Foundation with the help of the National Bridges Group of ADEPT (the Association of Directors of Environment, Economics, Planning and Transportation).

The ten councils in Britain with the highest number of substandard bridges are:

Local Authority	Number of bridges	Number of substandard bridges	Proportion of substandard bridges
Devon	2,714	229	8%
Oxfordshire	785	222	28%
Essex	981	167	17%
Somerset	1,499	128	9%
Cornwall	1,009	124	12%
Suffolk	1,447	120	8%
Northumberland	978	99	10%
Gloucestershire	822	91	11%
Lancashire	1,476	78	5%
Aberdeenshire	1,346	77	6%

The ten councils in Britain with the highest proportion of substandard bridges are:

Local Authority	Number of bridges	Number of substandard bridges	Proportion of substandard bridges
Hammersmith and Fulham	4	2	50%
Hartlepool	35	16	46%
Kingston upon Thames	11	4	36%
Waltham Forest	50	17	34%
Oxfordshire	785	222	28%
Kensington and Chelsea	4	1	25%
Brent	40	9	23%
Conwy	292	57	20%
Thurrock	49	9	18%
Wolverhampton	58	10	17%

A full list of councils is available at the end of this press release, together with top ten tables for England, Scotland and Wales.

The RAC Foundation also asked the national roads authorities about their bridges:

	Number of bridges	Number of substandard bridges	Proportion of substandard bridges
Highways England	9,399	77	1%
Transport Scotland	2,612	39	1%
Welsh Assembly	1,268	104	8%

Steve Gooding, director of the RAC Foundation, said: “Bridges, as defined by highway engineers, come in all shapes and sizes, from soaring structures that span rivers and cross estuaries, through the many modest bridges designed centuries ago for the horse and cart, right down to those that are little more than culverts carrying water under a carriageway. But even the failure of the shortest of these structures could mean a five-foot long gap in the carriageway, and even on relatively minor roads that can still be a headache, causing disruption and possibly a long diversion.

“What the data suggests is that councils have been fighting to hold their ground over the last five years. Whilst the increase in substandard bridges year-on-year is not huge the picture over the last five years looks more like flatlining than sustained improvement, and with the threat of more severe weather events linked to climate change that must be a worry for the overall resilience of our highway network.”

Kevin Dentith, chair of the ADEPT National Bridges Group, said: “‘Bridges are an integral part of the highway network but most go unnoticed as they carry us safely over obstacles. To manage these assets, many of which are centuries old, requires competent bridge inspectors and engineers to carry out regular assessments and maintenance to ensure they remain fit for purpose. The shortage of experienced and qualified people to undertake these crucial duties is putting a huge strain on the bridges fraternity who are struggling to recruit and often have to resort to ‘growing their own’ through apprentice schemes which are excellent but clearly requires a great deal of time, commitment and training before the staff are proficient to carry out the tasks required.

“The incidence of bridge collapses that lead to personal injury and traffic disruption is thankfully low but unless more engineers and technicians are encouraged to join the industry and highway authorities receive appropriate funding from the Department for Transport we are at risk of seeing a higher number of bridge collapses than those identified in this year’s RAC Foundation survey.’